Aquatic birds
Mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos)
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population Density | 20.8 | See table 2, p.99, for more detailed means. | breeding pairs/km2 | Not Reported | Not Reported | Not Reported | Exposure Factor Datasets | 1.5 SE |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Survival/ Mortality | 47 | average survival rate of birds banded 1948-1982 | % | Male | Juvenile | Not Reported | Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys, n.e. CA | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Survival/ Mortality | 46 | average survival rate of birds banded 1948-1982 | % | Female | Juvenile | Not Reported | Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys, n.e. CA | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time of Molt | July 30-August 10 | mean annual date of molt initiation (over 3 yr) | Female | Adult | 131 | Exposure Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Survival/ Mortality | 0.628 | estimated annual survival rate (1960-1971) | Male | Adult | Not Reported | Malheur National Wildlife Refuge | Exposure Factor Datasets | 0.035 (SE) |
| Survival/ Mortality | 0.569 | estimated annual survival rate (1960-1971) | Female | Juvenile | Not Reported | Malheur National Wildlife Refuge | Exposure Factor Datasets | 0.105 (SE) |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary Composition | flora (50.6%), fauna (49.4%) | Both Male and Female | Juvenile | 94 | Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge | Exposure Factor Datasets | 19-25 d |
| Dietary Composition | flora (71%), fauna (29%) | Both Male and Female | Juvenile | 94 | Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge | Exposure Factor Datasets | 26-35 d |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Error | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Food Ingestion Rate | 376.2 | food intake of 8 week old mallards | g/wk | Both Male and Female | Juvenile | 15 | Exposure Factor Datasets | 25.6 (SE) | Laboratory | |
| Metabolic Rate | 191 | metabolized energy in 8 week old mallards | kcal/d | Both Male and Female | Juvenile | 15 | Exposure Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population Density | 6.71 (40) | mean density of breeding birds (maximum density in parentheses) | pairs/square mile | Both Male and Female | Adult | 130 sample units (160 acres/unit) | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Condition | Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body Fat (total or %) | 104 | g (lipid) | Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | 17 | Mingo Basin | Exposure Factor Datasets | late prealternate molt | 10 SE |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Condition |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary Composition | Total animal, 71.9: Gastropoda, 16.4; Insecta, 27.1; Crustacea, 12.9, Oligochaeta, 11.8. Total plant, 28.1; seeds, 24.8; vegetation 3.3; roots and tubers, 2.8. |
Proportion by volume of plant and animal foods in the esophagi of mallards. | % (by volume) | Female | Not Reported | 37 | drift praire and Missouri Coteau in south-central North Dakota | Exposure Factor Datasets | during breeding season, laying female |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population Density | 76.6 | nests/km2 | Both Male and Female | Adult | Not Reported | western edge of Edmunds Co., South Dakota | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clutch or Litter Size | 9.3 | eggs | Female | Yearling | 7 nests | prairie pothole region in North Dakota | Exposure Factor Datasets | 1.7 SD |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Foraging Distance | 3.8 | foraging distance in grazed corn stubble; for foraging distance over other types of terrain, see table 3, p. 1050 | km | Not Reported | Not Reported | 66 | Platte River between Lexington and Gibbon, Nebraska | Exposure Factor Datasets | 0.4 SE |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Condition |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population Density | 1.0 | For explanation of classifications, see p. 11 (classifications are Kern NWR, hunting clubs, etc). | birds/ha | Not Reported | Not Reported | not reported | Tulare Basin, Kern National Wildlife Refuge | Exposure Factor Datasets | wintering birds |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population Density | 314,712 | mean number of ducks counted in U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service mid-winter inventories 1978-1987 | Both Male and Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | Not Reported | Sacramento Valley | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Duration of Incubation or Gestation | 24.5 | mean incubation period | d | Female | Adult | 66 nests | near Devil's Lake (48deg10'N, 98deg90'W) | Exposure Factor Datasets | 4.1 2SD |
Clapper Rail (Rallus longirostris)
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body Weight - Mean | 261.7 | mean body weight in fresh water acclimated birds | g | Not Reported | Adult | 8 | High Island, Chambers Co. | Exposure Factor Datasets | 8.4 |
Snowy Plover (Charadrius nivosus formerly Charadrius alexandrinus)
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries | Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body Weight - Mean | 42.2 | mean body weight | g | Female | Adult | 158 | Fuente de Piedra lake, s. Spain | Exposure Factor Datasets | SPAIN | 3.0 SD |
Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus)
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population Density | 30.2 | estimated breeding density in bare cultivated field habitat (43 ha) | pairs/100 ha | Both Male and Female | Adult | Not Reported | St. Paul Campus, Univ. of MN | Exposure Factor Datasets |
Least Tern (Sterna antillarum)
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fledging or Weaning Rate | estimated fledgling production among 4 colonies | fledglings/breeding pairs | Not Reported | Fledgling | 26-140 pairs/colony | Aransas and San Patricio Counties | Exposure Factor Datasets |
California Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis ssp. californicus)
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fledging or Weaning Rate | range of mean fledging rates (number of fledglings per built nest) over a 6 year period | Not Reported | Fledgling | 76-1258 nests/year | West Anacapa Island | Exposure Factor Datasets |
Light-footed Clapper Rail (Rallus longirostris ssp. levipes), California Clapper Rail (Rallus longirostris ssp. obsoletus), Yuma Clapper Rail (Rallus longirostris ssp. yumanensis)
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Location | Type | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clutch or Litter Size | review | Exposure Factor Datasets | USA |
California Clapper Rail (Rallus longirostris ssp. obsoletus)
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | California Counties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population Density | 0.89 | mean breeding density based on rope drag and call count data | birds/ha | Both Male and Female | Adult | 117 ha | south San Francisco Bay - Mowry Slough | Exposure Factor Datasets | Alameda |
Yuma Clapper Rail (Rallus longirostris ssp. yumanensis)
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Home Range | 15 | mean home range size | ha | Not Reported | Adult | 16 birds | lower Colorado River Valley | Exposure Factor Datasets |
Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius nivosus ssp. nivosus formerly Charadrius alexandrinus ssp. nivosus)
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | California Counties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Duration of Incubation or Gestation | 26.9 | incubation period | d | Both Male and Female | Embryo | 9 nests | Mono Lake (elev. 1,940 m) | Exposure Factor Datasets | Mono |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | California Counties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hatching Success | 55.2 | percent of all eggs that hatched (over 6 years) | % | Not Reported | Hatchling | 534 eggs | Pajaro River Mouth | Exposure Factor Datasets | Monterey |
California Least Tern (Sterna antillarum ssp. browni)
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fledging or Weaning Rate | range of fledging rates, 2 years | fledglings/nests | Not Reported | Fledgling | 16-58 nests/year | Cuixmala Beach [19 deg, 22'14"N, 104 deg 59'31"W] | Exposure Factor Datasets | MEXICO |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | California Counties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clutch or Litter Size | 2.33 (first wave), 1.70 (second wave) | average clutch sizes for early and late nesters | eggs/clutch | Female | Adult | 10 nests (first wave), 33 nests (second wave) | NASA Island, Seal Beach National Wildlife Refuge | Exposure Factor Datasets | Orange |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fledging or Weaning Rate | average number of fledglings produced per pair, over 13 years | fledglings/pair | Not Reported | Fledgling | 775-1,264 pairs/year | statewide | Exposure Factor Datasets |
Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis)
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hatching Success | 60.2% | percent of eggs producing downy young in succesful nests (nests producing at least one young) | Female | Adult | 133 nests | Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge | Exposure Factor Datasets |
Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus)
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body Weight - Mean | 2.3 | kg | Both Male and Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | 420 cormorants | east TX | Exposure Factor Datasets | 0.02 SE |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clutch or Litter Size | 3.1+/- 0.1 to 3.2+/- 0.1 | mean number of eggs/nest (over 3 years) | Female | Adult | 263-312 nests/year | San Francisco Bay estuary | Exposure Factor Datasets |
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